Description & Statistics

Larvae and adults are predaceous; all species are aquatic and excellent swimmers. They feed primarily on aquaticinsects, but sometimes also on tadpoles and young fish. Most species live on the immature stages of other aquatic insects, mainly Ephemerida, Hemiptera and Odonata. Larvae and adults have generally the same food source, though the latter, being more agile, receive a greater choice. Although generally considered beneficial for biological control of mosquitoes, they have never been used for biological control. An early detailed review of Dytiscidae was given by Balduf (1935).

During feeding, the beetles bit away portions of the prey and swallow them a little at a time, while the larvae utilize only liquid food, a habit that is made possible by the presence of a narrow canal or channel extending from near the tip to the base on the inner margin of each mandible. Like many Coleoptera, most dytiscid larvae inject a digestive secretion into the prey's body, which to a considerable extent liquifies the solid tissues.

Adult Dytiscidae are not limited to an aquatic life, for some species are able to use their legs for running and most are able to fly extensively. However, their bodies have been modified for aquatic life, as is shown by a closer union of the body parts, a pronounced streamlining of the body, the flattening of legs, and the development of fringes of heavy hairs on the inner margins of the tarsi. Clausen (1940) noted that in incompleteness of this adaptation to aquatic life was revealed by the pupation habit. After feeding is completed, the mature larvae heave the water to form their pupation cells in mud or soil, under stones and other objects, or among trash. A distinct spherical, oval or pyriform cell is formed, which in larger species may be 5 cm. or more in diameter.

The different species show differences in their manner of locomotion. Some species in several genera move about solely by crawling over the bottom or over rocks and vegetation. Other species swim only occasionally, but many are very active swimmers and come to the surface to capture prey. The bodies of these are light which enables them to come to the surface easily. The legs of some species are equipped with fringes of hairs that facilitate swimming.

Eggs of some dytiscids are laid in masses in mud or debris at the water's edge, singly on the surface of floating leaves, or in individual incisions in submerged plant tissue. The latter behavior is typical in most species. Some damage may at times be inflicted to ornamental aquatic vegetation through excessive oviposition, which results in wilting and death of leaves and stems (Clausen 1940/1962).

There is usually only one generation annually, although adults may live for several years. The life cycle depends on temperature of the surrounding water, and egg incubation may be prolonged from one week or less to several months. Most species overwinter as adults in water, becoming active and ovipositing early in springtime. Other hibernate as larvae, and adults appear in midsummer.

Clausen (1940) referred to the interesting feature of larval dytiscids in their ability to regenerate lost body parts. Legs and antennae seem to be only partly replaced at the following molts but are fully regenerated in the pupa. Such replacement is much more complete when the parts are lost by 1st instar larvae than when they are lost by older instars. Dytiscidae is a large widespread family with more than 4,000 species. Key characters of these predaceous diving beetles include an elongated filiform antennae, 11-segmented, generally bare and longer than the maxillary palps. The hind coxae are much enlarged, contiguous and fixed to the metathorax. Their size varies, the head is broad and closely joined to the prothorax. The tibiae and tarsi of the hind legs are bordered with hairs that are designed for swimming

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references may be found at: MELVYL Library]

Bailey, P., Boon, P. & Morris, K. 2002. Australian Biodiversity Salt Sensitivity Database. Land & Water Australia.

Chessman B. 2003. SIGNAL 2 - A Scoring System for Macroinvertebrate 'Water Bugs' in Australian Rivers, Monitoring River Heath Initiative Technical Report no 31, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra

DeFoliart, G. R. 2002. Chapter 26 - Eastern Asia: China, Japan, and other countries. In: The Human Use of Insects as a Food Resource: A Bibliographic Account in Progress.

Gooderham, J. & Tsyrlin, E. 2002. The Waterbug Book: a guide to the freshwater macroinvertebrates of temperate Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

Jach, M. A. 2003. Fried water beetles Cantonese style. American Entomologist 49(1): 34-37.

Kefford, B.J., Papas, P.J., Nugegoda, D. 2003. Relative salinity tolerance of macroinvertebrates from the Barwon River, Victoria, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 54: 755-765.

Larson, D. J., Y. Alarie & R. E. Roughley. 2000. Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) of the Nearctic Region, with emphasis on the fauna of Canada and Alaska. NRC Research Press, Ottawa.

Lawrence, J.F. & Britton, E.B. 1991. Coleoptera Beetles. Pp. 543-683, in Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. CSIRO. 2^nd Edition.

Lawrence, J.F., Weir, T.A. & Pyke, J.E. 2002. Australian Faunal Directory: Checklist for Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae. Australian Biological Resources Survey, Department of the Environment and Heritage.

Miller, K. 2003. The phylogeny of diving beetles Coleoptera: Dytiscidae and the evolution of sexual conflict. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79: 359-388.

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 2004. Wetlands: Monitoring Aquatic Invertebrates.

Omer-Cooper, J. 1965. So. Afr. Animal Life 11: 59-214.

Pederzani, F. 1995. Keys to the identification of the genera and subgenera of adult Dytiscidae sensu lato of the world Coleoptera Dytiscidae. Atti della Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati, Serie 7 B, 4: 5-83.

Ramos-Elorduy, J. & Pino M. 1990. Caloric content of some edible insects of Mexico. Revista de la Sociedad Quimica de Mexico 342: 56-68.

Smith, R. L. W. et al. 1967. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 60: 908-10.

Tindale, N.B. 1966 Insects as food for the Australian Aborigines. Australian Natural History, 156, p. 179-183.

Water and Rivers Commission. 1996. Macroinvertebrates & Water Quality. Water Facts 2.

Watts, C.H.S. 1978. A revision of the Australian Dytiscidae Coleoptera. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series no 57: 1-166.

Watts, C.H.S. 2002. Checklists & Guides to the Identification, to Genus, of Adult & Larval Australian Water Beetles of the Families Dytiscidae, Noteridae, Hygrobiidae, Haliplidae, Gyrinidae, Hydraenidae and the Superfamily Hydrophiloidea Insecta: Coleoptera. Identification and Ecology Guide no 43. Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology.

Zimmerman, J. R. 1970. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc. 26: 1-275